In 1920, passage of the 19th Amendment

In 1920, passage of the 19th Amendment

A. marked the beginning of a new era in progressive reform
B. outlawed the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol
C. gave women the right to vote
D. required the direct election of senators
E. disallowed Woodrow Wilson from running for a 3rd term

Answer: C

During the Red Scare of 1919, Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

During the Red Scare of 1919, Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

A. oversaw the deportation of 6,000 people
B. founded the Federal Bureau of Investigation
C. argued for moderation and a cooling-off period
D. argued for moderation and a cooling-off period, but at the same time oversaw the deportation of 6,000 people
E. None of the above

Answer: E

Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey

A. encourage African Americans to reject assimilation into white society
B. argued that America, not Africa, was now blacks' true home
C. urged African Americans to move out of the South
D. called on African Americans to reject capitalism
E. saw his movement and influence decline in the early 1920s.

Answer: A

In 1919, the racial climate in the U.S.

In 1919, the racial climate in the U.S.

A. worsened in both the North & South
B. worsened in the South but not the North
C. improved in both the North & South
D. improved in the North but not the South
E. generally stayed the same as it had been before the war

Answer: A

In 1919, American labor unrest saw

In 1919, American labor unrest saw

A. the public generally support unions
B. a general strike in Seattle that brought the city to the standstill
C. a major steel strike resolved in favor of the workers
D. Governor Calvin Coolidge attract national acclaim for his support of labor
E. All these answers are correct

Answer: B

Regarding the Treaty of Versailles, the U.S. Senate decided in 1919 to

Regarding the Treaty of Versailles, the U.S. Senate decided in 1919 to

A. ratify it without change
B. ratify it after Democrats accepted the Republican "reservations"
C. ratify it with the change that the U.S. would not join the League of Nations
D. ratify it only after Article X was struck from the treaty
E. not ratify it

Answer: E

When President Woodrow Wilson presented the Treaty of Versailles to the Senate,

When President Woodrow Wilson presented the Treaty of Versailles to the Senate,

A. the American public clearly supported its ratification
B. most so-called "irreconcilable" senators favored it in principle
C. he was willing to compromise on the language of the treaty but not its major points
D. he found a close ally in Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman, Henry Cabot Lodge
E. he refused to appeal to the public, believing the treaty should stand on its merits alone

Answer: A

In 1919, all of the following figures were at the Paris peace conference EXCEPT

In 1919, all of the following figures were at the Paris peace conference EXCEPT

A. Alexander Kerensky of Russia
B. George Clemenceau of France
C. David Lloyd George of Great Britain
D. Vittorio Orlando of Italy
E. Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.

Answer: A

In 1918, President Wilson's 14 Pts. received significant political support from

In 1918, President Wilson's 14 Pts. received significant political support from

A. the British government
B. the United States Senate
C. the French government
D. both the British and French governments
E. None of the above

Answer: E

In the US, after it entered WWI,

In the US, after it entered WWI,

A. most German Americans supported the American war effort
B. German books were removed from many schools and libraries
C. the playing of German music was banned in many communities
D. sauerkraut was renamed "liberty cabbage.:
E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: C

In the US during WWI, the Committee on Public Information (CPI)

In the US during WWI, the Committee on Public Information (CPI)

A. established strict rules of censorship for journalists reporting on the war
C. coordinated government purchases of military supplies
C. criticized the federal government's reporting of the war
D. was led by a panel of American military officers
E. became a haven for pacifists and conscientious objectors

Answer: C

During WW1, the war industries Board (WIB)

During WW1, the war industries Board (WIB) 

A. was seen as a model for rational organization when led by Herbert Hoover was plagued by mismanagement and inefficiencies under Bernard Baruch
C. coordinated government purchases of military supplies
D. saw itself as an adversary of individual businesses
E. all the above

Answer: C

During WW1, the United states government primarily financed the war through

During WW1, the United states government primarily financed the war through

A. deficit spending and currency manipulation
B. foreign loans and the printing of new currency
C. private business and banking loans
D. currency inflation and the sale for gold reserves
E. public bond sales and new taxes

Answer: E

The country that lost the greatest number of lives during WW1 was

The country that lost the greatest number of lives during WW1 was

A. Russia
B. Great Britain
C. France
D. Germany
E. Italy

Answer: D

During WW1, airplanes were used for all the following except,

During WW1, airplanes were used for all the following except,

A. bombing the enemy
B. transporting troops
C. attacking other aircrafts
D. reconnaissance
E. "dogfighting"

Answer: B

During WW1, extensive systems of trenches were used by both sides

During WW1, extensive systems of trenches were used by both sides

A. because the destructive power of weapons ment soldiers could not live in the open field
B. because they prevented tanks form reaching the soldiers' positions
C. because the soldiers were safer from poisonous mustard gas closer to the ground
D. both because the destructive power of weapons ment soldiers could not live in the open field and because they prevented tanks form reaching the soldiers' positions
E. None of the above

Answer: A

In WW1, the American Expeditionary Force was commanded by

In WW1, the American Expeditionary Force was commanded by

A.George Marshall
B. Arthur McArthur
C. George Patton
D. John Pershing
E. Lenard Wood

Answer: D

The United States Selective Service Act

The United States Selective Service Act

A. was enacted during the last months of WW1
B. gave the government, for the first time, the authority to draft citizens for military duty
C. was supported by President Woodrow Wilson
D. drafted far more men than those who volunteered for military duty
E. Brought nearly 300,000 men into the army

Answer: C

As the United States entered World War 1, its most immediate military effect was in

As the United States entered World War 1, its most immediate military effect was in 

A. western Europe
B. the Far East
C. north Africa
D. eastern Europe
E. the Atlantic Ocean

Answer: E

In March 1917, the United States moved closer to entering the Great War when

In March 1917, the United States moved closer to entering the Great War when

A. the czarist government of Russia was overthrown
B. the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia
C. Russia asked the Allies to call for an armistice
D. a German offensive threatened to capture Moscow
E. Russia and Germany negotiated a separate peace

Answer: A

In January 1917, President Woodrow Wilson, in a speech before congress

In January 1917, President Woodrow Wilson, in a speech before congress

A. suggested the creation of the League of Nations in the post-war period
B. insisted that the nation's financial interests had to be protected from a German victory
C. asked for a declaration of war against Germany
D. said Britain and France could not win the war without the United States
E. argued that entering the war would be a tragic mistake under any circumstances

Answer: A

In mid-1916, President Woodrow Wilson

In mid-1916, President Woodrow Wilson

A. stated that the United States was likely to enter the war within a year
B. ordered that American troops be sent to staging camps in England
C. had come to support a rapid increase of the nation's armed forces
D. was firmly rooted with the peace factions of the Democratic Party
E. Sent Secretary of state, William Jennings Bryan's to a broker with a peace settlement

Answer: C

In 1914-1915, the United States responded to a British naval blockade of Germany by

In 1914-1915, the United States responded to a British naval blockade of Germany by

A. ending trade with all of Europe to maintain its neutrality
B. ending trade with Great Britain to pressure it to lift the blockade
C. defying the blockade and continuing it with Great Britain
D. ending trade with Germany but continuing with Great Britain
E. rerouting all trade with Germany through the Mediterranean

Answer: D

The immediate cause of the war in Europe in 1914 was

The immediate cause of the war in Europe in 1914 was

A. a struggle between European powers for control of the international diamond trade
B. the sinking to the British passenger liner "Lusitania"
C. the death of Otto von Bismark in Germany
D. the German invasion of Poland
E. the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Answer: E

In 1914, the "Entente" consisted of

In 1914, the "Entente" consisted of 

A. Italy, France, Russia
B. Great Britain, France, U.S.
C. Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russia
D. Great Britain, France, Russia
E. Germany, Italy, Japan

Answer: D

In the early 20th century, the U.S.'s action towards Mexico included

In the early 20th century, the U.S.'s action towards Mexico included

A. encouraging an overthrow of the Madero government
B. a refusal to formally recognize the Huerta government
C. sending an American expeditionary force across the border into Mexico
D. both encore and aging an overthrow of the Madero government and refusing to formally recognize the Huerta government
E. all the above

Answer: E

The policy idea behind "Dollar Diplomacy" was to

The policy idea behind "Dollar Diplomacy" was to

A. create stable governments in less-developed nations
B. reduce the deployment of troops form the U.S. to other nations
C. encourage other nations to peg currency to the U.S. dollar
D. financially reward Latin nations that supported the interests of the United States
E. extend investments by the U.S. in less-developed regions

Answer: E

In order to secure control of the Panama Canal zone, the United States

In order to secure control of the Panama Canal zone, the United States

A.carried out the overthrow of the president of Panama
B. organized a trade embargo against Columbia
C. assisted a revolution in Panama
D. purchases the land for the canal from Columbia
E. surrounded the canal site with a "Great White Fleet"

Answer: C

The 1904 "Roosevelt Corollary"

The 1904 "Roosevelt Corollary"

A. was invalidated by the supreme court
B. stated the neighboring countries had to adhere to U.S. policy in times of war
C. was created as a result of a military crisis in Cuba
D. stated that the U.S. had a right to intervene in the affairs of neighboring countries
E. stated that England alone was exempted from the Monroe Doctrine

Answer: D

After the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905,

After the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1905,

A. relations between japan at the Roosevelt administration steadily improved
B. President Roosevelt took no direct action against Japan
C. the Japanese military presence in the Pacific declined
D. the Russian government collapsed
E. President Roosevelt negotiated a secret free trade with Russia

Answer: B

President Theodore Roosevelt defined "civilized" and "uncivilized" nations on the basis of

President Theodore Roosevelt defined "civilized" and "uncivilized" nations on the basis of 

A. race
B. naval power
C. economic development
D. race and economic development
E. all of the above

Answer: D

In the late 19th century, American universities

In the late 19th century, American universities

A. significantly grew in number due to the Morrill Land Grant
B. had a strong commitment to practical knowledge
C. began to form relationships with the private sector and the government
D. both had a strong commitment to practical knowledge, and began to form relationships with the private sector and the government
E. All of the above

Answer: E

Which American thinker is LEAST associated with study using scientific methods?

Which American thinker is LEAST associated with study using scientific methods?

A. Henry James
B. William Graham Sumner
C. Charles Darwin
D. John Dewey
E. Edward A. Ross

Answer: A

Charles Darwin's theories of evolution met initial resistance from

Charles Darwin's theories of evolution met initial resistance from

A. theologians
B. scientists
C. educators
D. both A and C
E. All of the above

Answer: E

Which American writer would be LEAST associated with the trend toward social realism in the literature in the late 19th century?

Which American writer would be LEAST associated with the trend toward social realism in the literature in the late 19th century?

A. Mark Twain
B. Upton Sinclair
C. Frank Norris
D. Stephen Crane
E. Theodore Dreiser

Answer: A

Which of the following statements regarding Coney Island is FALSE?

Which of the following statements regarding Coney Island is FALSE?

A. the average daily attendance at Luna Park in 1904 was 90,000 people
B. Many visitors relaxed their conventions of Victorian social behavior
C. The park developed a reputation for wholesome, family attractions
D. The park experienced phenomenal popularity until after WWI
E. The park provided lavish reproductions of exotic places and spectacular adventures

Answer: C

In the 19th century, vaudeville theater

In the 19th century, vaudeville theater

A. consisted of a variety of stage acts
B. only employed white performers
C. had been created in the U.S.
D. both consisted of a variety of stage acts, and only employed white performers
E. None of the above

Answer: A

The 19th century game of "rounders" became the modern sport of

The 19th century game of "rounders" became the modern sport of 

A. basketball
B. baseball
C. golf
D. football
E. soccer

Answer: B

At the end of the 19th century, most Americans viewed leisure time

At the end of the 19th century, most Americans viewed leisure time

A. as the province solely of children and the elderly
B. on a par with laziness
C. as something not attainable for the average worker
D. as reserved for the extremely wealthy
E. as being desirable

Answer: E

The national network of grocery stores that started in the 1850s was

The national network of grocery stores that started in the 1850s was

A. the A&P
B. Food Lion
C. 7-11
D. Piggly Wiggly
E. Harris Teeter

Answer: A

In the last decades of the 19th century, incomes in the United States

In the last decades of the 19th century, incomes in the United States

A. rose for almost all Americans
B. declined for most unskilled workers
C. remained the same for most Americans
D. increased for white Americans, but decreased for most other ethnic groups
E. grew more unequal, while the middle class shrunk

Answer: A

In the late 19th century, urban political bosses did all of the following EXCEPT

In the late 19th century, urban political bosses did all of the following EXCEPT

A. give out patronage
B. win votes for their political organization
C. provide material assistance to the poor
D. enrich themselves through graft and corruption
E. reduce the costs of city services

Answer: C

Theodore Dreiser's 1900 novel, Sister Carrie, dealt with

Theodore Dreiser's 1900 novel, Sister Carrie, dealt with

A. his belief that religious organizations were perverting society
B. the qualities of the upper class
C. the need to return to a more rural and natural life
D. the dehumanization of mass communication
E. social dislocations and injustices of the present

Answer: E

In the late nineteenth century, efforts to reduce poverty in U.S,

In the late nineteenth century, efforts to reduce poverty in U.S,

A. saw the Salvation Army focus primarily on establishing shelters for the homeless
B. saw charitable organizations try to limit aid to those deemed "deserving poor"
C. included federally-funded studies attempting to identify the causes of property
D. generally were led by reformers who had grown up in impoverished communities
E. included public works programs funded by municipal property taxes

Answer: B

In 1884, the first "modern" skyscraper built in the U.S.

In 1884, the first "modern" skyscraper built in the U.S.

A. had no elevators
B. was located in Boston
C. was constructed with steel girders
D. was entirely built of brick
E. was located in New York City

Answer: C

In the 1890s, Jacob Riis

In the 1890s, Jacob Riis

A. favored stopping immigration as a way to improve urban American cities
B. crusaded to expose political corruption in major American cities
C. documented the stories of wealthy Americans who came from humble origins
D. reported on the living conditions of the urban poor to encourage improvements
E. pushed for the creation of mass transit systems and outlying suburbs in America's cities

Answer: D

In 1894, the population density of Manhattan in New York was

In 1894, the population density of Manhattan in New York was

A. significantly less than the density of New York today
B. equal to the density of Paris
C. significantly less than most major European cities
D. greater than in all major American cities except Boston
E. far greater than the most crowded European cities

Answer: E

The "city beautiful" movement in the U.S. was inspired in part by

The "city beautiful" movement in the U.S. was inspired in part by

A. the economic depression of 1893
B. the 1893 Colombian Exposition in Chicago
C. the new technology of skyscrapers
D. reported on the living conditions of the urban poor to encourage improvements
E. pushed for the creation of mass transit systems and outlying suburbs in America's cities

Answer: D

One significant innovation of urban America in the late 19th century was

One significant innovation of urban America in the late 19th century was

A. city fire-fighting companies
B. large public parks
C. paved roads
D. public hospitals
E. water treatment facilities

Answer: B

In 1894, the Immigration Restriction League

In 1894, the Immigration Restriction League

A. sought a ban on all immigration to the United States for 15 years
B. proposed screening immigrants to allow only the "desirable" ones to enter
C. sought a ban on immigrants from Europe, but not Asia
D. called for the establishment of a tax on all immigrants
E. pushed strongly for the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer: B

In the late 19th century, the assimilation of immigrants was encouraged by

In the late 19th century, the assimilation of immigrants was encouraged by

A. the sale of American products
B. public education
C. church leaders
D. religious reform
E. All of the above

Answer: E

In the late 19th Century, compared to other immigrant ethnic groups, Jews

In the late 19th Century, compared to other immigrant ethnic groups, Jews

A. advanced rapidly economically
B. placed a high value on education
C. huddled together in ethnic neighborhoods
D. both advanced rapidly economically, and huddled together in ethnic neighborhoods
E. All of the above

Answer: E

By 1890, the percentage of the populations of Chicago, New York, and Detroit that were made up of immigrants was roughly,

By 1890, the percentage of the populations of Chicago, New York, and Detroit that were made up of immigrants was roughly,

A. 20-30%
B. 40-50%
C. 50-60%
D. 60-65%
E. 80-85%

Answer: E

The largest number of immigrants to the U.S. in the late 19th century came from

The largest number of immigrants to the U.S. in the late 19th century came from

A. Southern and Eastern Europe
B. Mexico and Central America
C. Great Britain and Germany
D. China and Japan
E. Ireland and Italy

Answer: A

The 1920 census of the United States revealed that

The 1920 census of the United States revealed that

A. the western frontier had ended
B. a majority of Americans lived in 'urban areas'
C. for the first time since 1790, American women outnumbered men
D. the majority of the nation's population had arrived as immigrants since 1880
E. California was now the most populous state

Answer: B

Eugene Debs played a leading role in what labor event?

Eugene Debs played a leading role in what labor event?

A. the Homestead strike
B. the Pullman strike
C. the Haymarket Square riot
D. the Railroad strike of 1877
E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: B

The Pullman strike of 1894 began when George Pullman, owner of the company,

The Pullman strike of 1894 began when George Pullman, owner of the company,

A. ordered rail workers to move into company-owned housing.
B. referred to workers as his "children."
C. cut wages by twenty-five percent due to a slumping economy.
D. refused to implement an eight-hour work day.
E. began hiring African-American workers in his factories.

Answer: C

In what industry did the Homestead strike of 1892 occur?

In what industry did the Homestead strike of 1892 occur?

A. steel
B. railroad
C. meatpacking
D. coal
E. oil

Answer: A

The Haymarket Square Riot of 1886

The Haymarket Square Riot of 1886

A. saw public outrage over the police firing into a crowd of workers.
B. resulted in the conviction and execution of several anarchists.
C. took place in Indianapolis.
D. resulted in a strike at the McCormick Harvester Company.
E. proved the catalyst for several wide-ranging labor reforms.

Answer: B

At its height in 1886, the Knights of Labor were led by

At its height in 1886, the Knights of Labor were led by

A. Uriah S. Stephens.
B. Eugene Debs.
C. Henry Clay Frick.
D. Terence V. Powderly.
E. John Peter Altgeld.

Answer: D

The great railroad strike of 1877

The great railroad strike of 1877

A. began in the West and spread east.
B. saw the federal government refuse to intervene.
C. was launched in response to a wage cut.
D. saw organized labor gain its first major victory in the United States.
E. resulted in only two deaths around the country.

Answer: C

During the late nineteenth century, child labor in the United States

During the late nineteenth century, child labor in the United States

A. increased significantly.
B. was unregulated by laws in most states.
C. saw more children working in factories than in agriculture.
D. both increased significantly and saw more children working in factories than in agriculture.
E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer: A

By 1900, the average yearly income of American workers

By 1900, the average yearly income of American workers

A. was about $600.
B. allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living.
C. remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles.
D. both allowed most workers to maintain a reasonably comfortable standard of living and remained generally unaffected by economic boom-and-bust cycles.
E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer: E

During the 1870s and 1880s, most of the immigrants to the United States came from

During the 1870s and 1880s, most of the immigrants to the United States came from

A. Italy and the Slavic countries.
B. Great Britain and northern Europe.
C. Poland, Hungary and Russia.
D. Japan and China.
E. Mexico.

Answer: B

Edward Bellamy's 1888 book, Looking Backward,

Edward Bellamy's 1888 book, Looking Backward,

A. described an America engaged in a second civil war due to concentrated wealth.
B. promoted the virtues of economic competition.
C. depicted a world presided over by an industrialist-king modeled on J. P. Morgan.
D. accepted the necessity of class divisions in a capitalist economy.
E. imagined an ideal future in which all corporations were combined into one great trust.

Answer: E

In the late nineteenth century, Daniel De Leon

In the late nineteenth century, Daniel De Leon

A. created the ideas of laissez-faire.
B. founded the Socialist Labor Party in the United States.
C. argued that large corporations were ultimately of benefit to American workers.
D. led the American Federation of Labor.
E. became a strong advocate of Taylorism.

Answer: B

In his books, Horatio Alger

In his books, Horatio Alger

A. offered true accounts of poor Americans who had become wealthy.
B. took critical issue with the ideas of Social Darwinism.
C. emphasized the value of personal character in business.
D. criticized child labor in American industry.
E. argued that wealth and privilege were ultimately hollow achievements.

Answer: C

In the late nineteenth century, the first and most important promoter of Social Darwinism was

In the late nineteenth century, the first and most important promoter of Social Darwinism was

A. Henry George.
B. Horatio Alger.
C. Russell Conwell.
D. Jacob Riis.
E. Herbert Spencer.

Answer: E

The social theory of Social Darwinism

The social theory of Social Darwinism

A. argued the new industrial economy was limiting the potential for individual wealth.
B. contended that ruthless corruption may be necessary in the attainment of wealth.
C. was created by Charles Darwin to explain industrial economies.
D. promoted the idea that capitalism offered all people a chance for great wealth.
E. argued that it behooved industrial titans to spread their wealth to the lower classes.

Answer: D

In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century,

In the American business community at the end of the nineteenth century,

A. one percent of businesses controlled one-third of all manufacturing.
B. almost all corporations had achieved stability through "pool" arrangements.
C. federal reforms of corporations had ended the most predatory business practices.
D. most states had made it illegal for one corporation to buy another one.
E. rampant competitiveness and labor shortages helped to keep prices down and wages up.

Answer: A

The business structure of Standard Oil was a good example of

The business structure of Standard Oil was a good example of

A. vertical integration.
B. horizontal integration.
C. diagonal integration.
D. central integration.
E. vertical and horizontal integration.

Answer: E

Who among the following was NOT significantly associated with the steel industry?

Who among the following was NOT significantly associated with the steel industry?

A. Henry Bessemer
B. Andrew Carnegie
C. J. Pierpont Morgan
D. Henry Clay Frick
E. James J. Hill

Answer: E

Which of the following statements about the American railroad industry in the late nineteenth century is FALSE?

Which of the following statements about the American railroad industry in the late nineteenth century is FALSE?

A. It included the nation's largest businesses.
B. It saw Congress outlaw railroad combinations.
C. It relied partially on government subsidies for its growth.
D. It was among the first to adopt new corporate form of organization.
E. It became a national symbol of concentrated economic power.

Answer: B

key to Henry Ford's success in mass production of automobiles was

key to Henry Ford's success in mass production of automobiles was

A. the use of welds instead of rivets to speed production.
B. a reduction in the size of his labor force.
C. the use of interchangeable parts.
D. the training of highly skilled workers.
E. his encouragement of labor unions in organizing his factories.

Answer: C

In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations

In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations

A. occurred as federal funding for research greatly expanded.
B. led to a diversification of research interests.
C. developed similar research goals as in Europe.
D. was deemed unnecessary since so many American university laboratories existed.
E. centralized the sources of research funding.

Answer: B

In 1917, automobile production in the United States

In 1917, automobile production in the United States

A. was the nation's largest industry.
B. saw Charles and Frank Duryea build the first practical gasoline-powered car.
C. saw five million cars on American roads.
D. was almost nonexistent.
E. finally became feasible thanks to the innovations of Henry Ford.

Answer: C

The first significant oil production in the United States occurred in

The first significant oil production in the United States occurred in

A. Ohio.
B. Texas.
C. California.
D. Michigan.
E. Pennsylvania.

Answer: E

All of the following cities became important centers for steel production EXCEPT

All of the following cities became important centers for steel production EXCEPT

A. Pittsburgh.
B. Chicago.
C. Atlanta.
D. Birmingham.
E. Detroit.

Answer: C

The open-hearth process of making steel

The open-hearth process of making steel

A. was replaced by the Bessemer process.
B. was first done in the United States.
C. produced small quantities of high-grade steel.
D. made the production of large dimension pieces possible.
E. was ridiculed by established steelmakers such as Abram Hewitt.

Answer: D

Prior to the Civil War, the steel industry in the United States

Prior to the Civil War, the steel industry in the United States

A. boomed as a result of the expanding United States Navy.
B. emerged as an important supplier for railroad construction.
C. largely replaced the iron industry.
D. resulted in the construction of large commercial ocean freighters.
E. barely developed at all.

Answer: E

In the late nineteenth century, industry in the United States

In the late nineteenth century, industry in the United States

A. obtained the bulk of its raw materials from Central and South America.
B. faced a growing shortage of laborers.
C. saw the federal government eager to assist in its growth.
D. lacked adequate capital to expand the domestic market.
E. suffered from an entrepreneurial deficit.

Answer: C

During the late 19th century, Plains farm life

During the late 19th century, Plains farm life

A. was marked by active community life
B. became increasingly profitable for most
C. was generally admired by the growing urban public
D. often lacked any access to the outside world
E. All of the above

Answer: D

In the late 19th century, in regards to western agriculture

In the late 19th century, in regards to western agriculture

A. the prices paid for American farm goods rose after the 1880s
B. the reality of farming was very much like its popular image little effort with the public
C. commercial farmers were not self-sufficient and made little effort to become so
D. increasingly, more farmers owned the land on which they worked
E. American farm families were relatively unaffected by the effects of world production

Answer: C

In the late 19th century, the western agricultural economy

In the late 19th century, the western agricultural economy

A. attracted mostly settlers who had little to no experience with farming
B. saw the Plains states experience a drought during the 1870s
C. began a long and steady improvement after 1880
D. saw the development of massive irrigation projects
E. saw the railroad become the most important factor in its development

Answer: E

In 1890, at Wounded Knee, SD,

In 1890, at Wounded Knee, SD,

A. Plains Indians mounted their last major attack on white Americans
B. the U.S. Seventh Cavalry massacred two hundred Indians
C. the Sioux attempted to leave the reservation for Canada
D. the U.S. 7th Cavalry suffered no casualties
E. All of the above

Answer: B

In 1886 the end of formal warfare between the US and American Indians was marked by the surrender of

In 1886 the end of formal warfare between the US and American Indians was marked by the surrender of 

A. Cochise
B. Wovoka
C. Mangas Colorados
D. Sitting Bull
E. Geronimo

Answer: E

The 1876 Battle of the Little Big Horn

The 1876 Battle of the Little Big Horn

A. took place in Wyoming
B. saw the destruction of the entire 7th Cavalry
C. was a short lived Indian victory
D. marked the start of prolonged warfare in the Dakotas
E. saw the Sioux united under Sitting Bull and Geronimo

Answer: C

The decimation of American buffalo herds in the late 19th century

The decimation of American buffalo herds in the late 19th century

A. destroyed the ability of Plains Indians ti resist the advance of white settlers
B. was accelerated by Indian tribes who killed large #s of buffalo to sell to white Americans
C. happened almost entirely in the space of a single decade
D. happened almost entirely in the space of a single decade, destroying the ability of Plains Indians to resist the advance of white settlers
E. All of the above

Answer: E

Before 1860, the traditional policy of the federal government was to regard Indians as

Before 1860, the traditional policy of the federal government was to regard Indians as

A. members of dependent states
B. a natural enemy of the U.S.
C. wards of the president of the United States
D. non humans
E. citizens of the U.S.

Answer: C

All of the following writers and artists made significant contributions to the romanticizing of the American West EXCEPT

All of the following writers and artists made significant contributions to the romanticizing of the American West EXCEPT

A. Frederic Remington
B. Mark Twain
C. Theodore Roosevelt
D. James Whistler
E. Frederick Jackson Turner

Naim Hashmi 

Answer: E

In Own Wister's novel "The Virginian" the American cowboy was

In Own Wister's novel "The Virginian" the American cowboy was

A. castigated for his poor relations with Indians, Mexicans and Chinese
B. lamented as having lost his innocence and decency
C. seen as fast disappearing as urbanization spread west
D. criticized for being too quick to use violence
E. portrayed as a simple and virtuous frontiersman

Answer: E

In the 19th century, the popular image of the American West

In the 19th century, the popular image of the American West

A. presented a heroic image of cowboys
B. perceived the region to be a place offering true freedom
C. was promoted by the Rocky Mountain School
D. both A and C
E. All of the above

Answer: E

In the 19th century, "range wars" in the West were between

In the 19th century, "range wars" in the West were between

A. white Americans and Indians
B. white American ranchers and Mexican ranchers
C. white American ranchers and Chinese ranchers
D. individual white American ranchers and large American ranching corporations
E. white American ranchers and farmers

Answer: E

In the 1860s cattle drives from Texas to Missouri

In the 1860s cattle drives from Texas to Missouri

A. saw the herds suffer heavy losses
B. proved that cattle could be driven to distant markets
C. established a link to the booming urban markets of the East
D. both B and C
E. All of the above

Answer: E

Women in the 19th century western mining towns

Women in the 19th century western mining towns

A. were nearly all single when they first arrived
B. had few economic opportunities outside of prostitution
C. often found work doing domestic tasks
D. generally worked as miners
E. often greatly outnumber the men

Answer: C

Mining in the west

Mining in the west

A. did not see any great mineral strikes after the Civil War
B. flourished until the 1930s
C. saw corporations move in first, followed by individual prospectors
D. kept ranchers and farmers from establishing their own economic base
E. produced the region's first economic boom

Answer: E

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the working class in the western economy was

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the working class in the western economy was

A. highly multiracial
B. highly divided along racial lines
C. paid higher wages than workers in the East
D. both highly multiracial and paid higher wages than workers in the East
E. All of the above

Answer: E

Chinese tongs were

Chinese tongs were

A. secret societies
B. prostitutes
C. Chinese community officials
D. merchants
E. indentured servants

Answer: A

The Chinese from California became the major source of labor for the transcontinental railroad because

The Chinese from California became the major source of labor for the transcontinental railroad because 

A. they had no other employment prospects
B. they worked for lower wages than what whites would accept
C. most were experienced in railroad construction
D. most were forced into working for the railroads
E. their more well-established unions won the railroad contracts

Answer: B

During the 19th century, in the Far West the term "coolie"

During the 19th century, in the Far West the term "coolie"

A. was a description for all Asian immigrants
B. was an epithet used by whites to describe members of Chinese tongs
C. applied to all non-Indians who came to the Far West before the California gold rush
D. was a slang term for prostitutes in mining towns
E. referred to Chinese indentured servants

Answer: E

Which of the following statements regarding Hispanic New Mexico is FALSE?

Which of the following statements regarding Hispanic New Mexico is FALSE?

A. At the time of the Mexican War, Hispanics greatly outnumbered Anglo Americans
B. The Spanish had settlements in the area since the 17th century
C. Taos Indians, allied with Navajo and Apaches, forced out Anglo-Americans until 1847
D. Military victories by the U.S. Army led to a large increase in Hispanic migration
E. Descendants of the original settlers engaged primarily in cattle and sheep ranching

Answer: C

In the mid-19th century, the Plains Indians were

In the mid-19th century, the Plains Indians were

A. usually able to unite against white aggression
B. not as vulnerable to disease as eastern tribes
C. among the least aggressive of all American Indians
D. mostly sedentary farmers
E. the most widespread Indian groups in the West

Answer: E

By the 1840s, the American West

By the 1840s, the American West

A. contained few migrants from the U.S.
B. was extensively populated
C. had seen the elimination of nearly all Indian tribes
D. closely resembled its popular image
E. was still an empty, desolate land

Answer: B

In the 1890s, voting percentages in the South

In the 1890s, voting percentages in the South

A. increased for blacks only.
B. increased for whites only.
C. declined for blacks only.
D. increased for whites and declined for blacks.
E. decreased for whites and blacks.

Answer: E

In the 1890s, pressure in the South to restrict black voting rights came from

In the 1890s, pressure in the South to restrict black voting rights came from

A. poor white farmers.
B. wealthy Southerners.
C. advocates of Jim Crow.
D. both poor white farmers and wealthy Southerners.
E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: E

In his 1895 "Atlanta Compromise" speech, Booker T. Washington

In his 1895 "Atlanta Compromise" speech, Booker T. Washington

A. called for political and civil rights for black Americans.
B. criticized the federal government for abandoning Southern blacks.
C. argued that blacks should honor their African forebears.
D. stated that blacks should give up in seeking equality with whites.
E. called for tacit acceptance of the emerging system of racial segregation.

Answer: E

During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Southern agriculture

During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, Southern agriculture

A. saw a significant diversification of its crops.
B. saw a decline in absentee ownership of farmland.
C. regained the profitability it had prior to the Civil War.
D. saw a deceleration of the processes begun in the postwar years.
E. saw the great majority of farmers live under the tenant system.

Answer: E

Advocates of the "New South"

Advocates of the "New South"

A. opposed using Northern capital.
B. discouraged white women from working outside of the home.
C. promoted Southern industry and railroad development.
D. challenged the assumptions of white supremacy.
E. in fact advocated a return to the plantation system of the antebellum South.

Answer: C

Congressional Reconstruction might have been more effective if

Congressional Reconstruction might have been more effective if

A. the federal government had not involved itself with redistributing income.
B. the federal government had not passed the Enforcement Acts.
C. Radical Republicans had not put Jefferson Davis on trial for treason.
D. the Freedmen's Bureau had been ended sooner.
E. the federal government had better enforced the laws designed to assist blacks.

Answer: E

The elections of 1876 saw

The elections of 1876 saw

A. the Supreme Court decide the presidential election.
B. a Democrat become president for the first time since the Civil War.
C. the candidate with the most popular votes fail to get elected.
D. Ulysses Grant make an unsuccessful bid for an unprecedented third term.
E. the governor of New York become president.

Answer: C

Congressional passage of the Enforcement Acts in 1870-1871

Congressional passage of the Enforcement Acts in 1870-1871

A. was aimed at reducing white repression of blacks in the South.
B. was designed to support the Black Codes.
C. was vetoed by President Ulysses Grant.
D. gave legal protection to the Ku Klux Klan.
E. allowed white southerners to maintain a police state.

Answer: A

The Alabama claims

The Alabama claims

A. saw the United States refuse to pay Alabama for losses incurred during the Civil War.
B. involved complaints by the United States against England.
C. ended an experiment in black landownership.
D. marked a renewed effort in asserting the rights of states over federal authority.
E. were found by the Supreme Court to invalidate Radical Reconstruction.

Answer: B

The Panic of 1873

The Panic of 1873

A. began after the Southern crop-lien system collapsed.
B. saw Republicans call on Grant to go off the gold standard.
C. saw President Grant favor putting more paper currency into circulation.
D. began after revelations of corruption in the Grant administration.
E. was the nation's worst economic depression to that time.

Answer: E

In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant

In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant

A. was nominated by both the Republican and Democratic Parties.
B. won a huge victory.
C. entered the White House with no political experience.
D. relied on many of his former military advisors to join his administration.
E. ran against Republican Reconstruction policies.

Answer: C

In the South, the crop-lien system

In the South, the crop-lien system

A. encouraged the planting of cash crops
B. nearly disappeared during Reconstruction.
C. led to crop diversification.
D. was generally imposed on blacks, but not white farmers.
E. saw interest rates rise as high as 20 or 30 percent.

Answer: A

During Reconstruction, the black labor force worked

During Reconstruction, the black labor force worked

A. approximately the same number of hours as during slavery.
B. significantly fewer hours than had been the case during slavery.
C. more hours than had been the case during slavery.
D. significantly more hours than the white labor force.
E. significantly less hours than the white labor force.

Answer: B

Black sharecropping

Black sharecropping

A. represented a continuation of the pre-Civil War gang-labor system.
B. differed sharply from the tenant system.
C. usually led to economic independence.
D. was a very common occupation of former slaves.
E. involved close white supervision which recalled the days of slavery.

Answer: D

During Reconstruction, the Southern school system

During Reconstruction, the Southern school system

A. eventually reached forty percent of all black children.
B. did not allow blacks to be teachers.
C. initially were not segregated.
D. only offered primary instruction.
E. barely reached any children of former slaves.

Answer: A

During Reconstruction, Southern African-American officeholders

During Reconstruction, Southern African-American officeholders

A. filled as many as five seats in the United States Senate.
B. were excluded from state constitutional conventions.
C. did not serve in the federal Congress or Senate.
D. rarely engaged in illegal political activities.
E. underrepresented the total number of blacks living in the South.

Answer: E

During Reconstruction, the term "Scalawags" referred to

During Reconstruction, the term "Scalawags" referred to

A. Southern white Republicans.
B. free black Southerners.
C. Southerners who moved north.
D. white Southerners who still embraced their former affiliation with the Confederacy.
E. Northerners who moved south.

Answer: A

In 1868, President Andrew Johnson was impeached because he

In 1868, President Andrew Johnson was impeached because he

A. violated the Tenure of Office Act.
B. offered political opposition to Radical Republicans.
C. dismissed Edwin Stanton from office.
D. both violated the Tenure of Office Act and dismissed Edwin Stanton from office.
E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: E

The Tenure of Office Act

The Tenure of Office Act

A. gave the Senate the power to appoint members of the president's cabinet.
B. was designed to limit President Andrew Johnson's authority.
C. was roundly condemned by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.
D. was both designed to limit President Andrew Johnson's authority and roundly condemned by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.
E. None of these answers is correct.

Answer: B

In 1867, Congressional plans for Reconstruction

In 1867, Congressional plans for Reconstruction

A. were rejected by every former Confederate state.
B. replaced federal military commanders in the South with civilian leaders.
C. granted forty acres of land to every adult male former slave.
D. required new state governments in the South to give voting rights to black males.
E. required that state legislatures ratify the Thirteenth Amendment.

Answer: D

In the 1860s, Black Codes were

In the 1860s, Black Codes were

A. holdovers from the antebellum era that were repealed by Southern state governments.
B. passed by Congress to govern former Confederate states.
C. enacted by the Freedmen's Bureau to give freed blacks voting rights.
D. vetoed by President Andrew Johnson.
E. designed to give whites control over freedmen.

Answer: E

The story of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln

The story of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln

A. involved a larger conspiracy to kill other members of the administration.
B. saw John Wilkes Booth convicted of the murder of the president.
C. brought a Radical Republican to the presidency.
D. was intended to bring Andrew Johnson into the presidency.
E. had been planned at the highest levels of the Confederate government.

Answer: A

President Abraham Lincoln's "ten percent" plan for the South referred to

President Abraham Lincoln's "ten percent" plan for the South referred to

A. the area of land in each state that should be reserved for former slaves.
B. the ratio of federal to state money to be spent in rebuilding the Southern economy.
C. the ratio of federal troops to freed slaves in each Southern state.
D. the percentage of freed slaves who must be given the vote before setting up a state government.
E. the number of white voters required to take loyalty oaths before setting up a state government.

Answer: E

The Freedmen's Bureau

The Freedmen's Bureau

A. distributed food to millions of Southern blacks.
B. pushed for voting rights for former male slaves.
C. gave forty acres of land and a mule to millions of Southern blacks.
D. was created to operate for only five years.
E. created millions of federal public works jobs for former slaves.

Answer: A

In 1865, Southern blacks defined "freedom" as

In 1865, Southern blacks defined "freedom" as

A. independence from white control.
B. acquiring the legal rights to live as did whites.
C. land reform.
D. both independence from white control, and land reform.
E. All these answers are correct.

Answer: E

In the final days of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln

In the final days of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln

A. insisted that the Confederacy had no legal right to exist.
B. argued it best to readmit the Confederate states to the Union without condition.
C. called on the Confederacy to negotiate a peace treaty with the United States.
D. met with Jefferson Davis in Richmond, Virginia.
E. declared that the Confederate government must repudiate its constitution.

Answer: A

In the election of 1860,

In the election of 1860,

A. the Republicans called for a suspension of plans for a transcontinental railroad
B. Stephen Douglas received a larger popular vote than Abraham Lincoln
C. John Bell and J.C. Breckinridge, taken together, bested Lincoln in the popular vote
D. the Republicans won a narrow majority in Congress
E. white Southerners concluded their position in the Union was hopeless

Answer: D

In the 1860 elections, the political party most deeply divided over slavery was

In the 1860 elections, the political party most deeply divided over slavery was

A. the Republican Party
B. the Whig Party
C. the Know-Nothing Party
D. the Constitutional Union Party
E. the Democratic Party

Answer: E

As a result of his 1858 debates with Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln

As a result of his 1858 debates with Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln 

A. gained many new supporters outside of Illinois
B. won election to the U.S. Senate
C. came to be regarded by Southerners as an antislavery fanatic
D. was appointed to the leadership of the Republican Party
E. was appointed to an open House seat by the Republican governor of Illinois

Answer: A

In the 1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates,

In the 1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates,

A. Lincoln called for a full and immediate abolition of slavery
B. Lincoln made his case so strongly that he was elected to the Senate
C. the two men agreed that a civil war over slavery was inevitable
D. Douglas asserted that slavery was legal but not immoral
E. Lincoln argued slavery was a threat to the growth of white free labor

Answer: E

The 1857 Lecompton (Kansas) constitution was

The 1857 Lecompton (Kansas) constitution was

A. twice rejected by a majority of Kansas voters
B. rejected, then approved by Kansas voters
C. antislavery
D. written by Stephen Douglas
E. approved and later reaffirmed by Kansas voters

Answer: A

The Supreme Court held in the case of "Dred Scott v. Sanford" (1857)

The Supreme Court held in the case of "Dred Scott v. Sanford" (1857)

A. that Scott must be freed under federal law
B. slaves were property unless they moved to a free state
C. states were not allowed to abolish slavery within their borders
D. the freedom of a slave could not be purchased by a black person
E. the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Answer: E

The first Republican candidate for president was

The first Republican candidate for president was

A. James Buchanan
B. Stephen Douglas
C. Abraham Lincoln
D. Millard Fillmore
E. John C. Fremont

Answer: E

Southern defenders of slavery made all of the following arguments EXCEPT

Southern defenders of slavery made all of the following arguments EXCEPT 

A. Southern slaves enjoyed better conditions than Northern industrial workers
B. blacks were inherently unfit to take care of themselves
C. slavery allowed whites and blacks to live together peacefully
D. black codes protected slaves from abuse
E. the Southern way of life was superior to any other in the world

Answer: D

The 1856 beating of Charles Sumner on the floor of the U.S. Senate

The 1856 beating of Charles Sumner on the floor of the U.S. Senate

A. was in response to a pro-slavery speech he gave
B. was a vicious assault carried out by a member of Congress
C. was strongly condemned in the South
D. resulted in Sumner's death from his injuries weeks later
E. All of the above

Answer: B

The political party that came into being largely in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act was

The political party that came into being largely in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act was

A. the Republican Party
B. the Know-Nothings
C. the Populist Party
D. the Abolitionist party
E. the Jayhawk Party

Answer: A

The 1853 Gadsden Purchase

The 1853 Gadsden Purchase

A. temporarily calmed the rivalry between North and South
B. was made with England
C. advanced the interests of Southern railroads
D. fulfilled the treat ending the Mexican War
E. cost the U.S. government $25 million

Answer: C

The 1854 Ostend Manifesto

The 1854 Ostend Manifesto

A. enraged Southern slave-owners
B. was directed at limiting England's influence in the Caribbean
C. was part of an attempt by the U.S. to acquire Cuba
D. saw several European powers denounce American slavery
E. prohibited slavery in the Hawaiian Islands

Answer: C

In the 1850s, in an effort to undercut the Fugitive Slave Act, some Northern states

In the 1850s, in an effort to undercut the Fugitive Slave Act, some Northern states

A. called for secession from the South
B. proposed a national referndum on the slave issue
C. passed laws preventing the deportation of fugitive slaves
D. forbig fugitive slave hunters from traveling in their state
E. began actively funding the underground railroad

Answer: C

The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act

The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act

A. intensified the debate over slavery
B. upset Southerners as much as Northerners
C. was readily accepted by Northerners in the spirit of compromise
D. All of the Above
E. None of the above

Answer: A

During the debate on the Compromise of 1850,

During the debate on the Compromise of 1850,

A. Daniel Webster managed to forge a successful compromise
B. John C. Calhoun called for Southern secession if California were admitted as a free state
C. Stephen A. Douglas stepped down as secretary of state
D. Jefferson Davis resigned from the Senate
E. President Zachary Taylor suddenly died

Answer: E

In 1849, President Zachary Taylor favored admitting California

In 1849, President Zachary Taylor favored admitting California

A. as a free state
B. as a slave state
C. with no determination on the issue of slavery
D. as a territory
E. as two separate states, one slave and one free

Answer: A

The Chinese who came to California during the gold rush

The Chinese who came to California during the gold rush

A. typically planned to remain permanently in the state
B. usually came with their families
C. more often worked as merchants than miners
D. had similar aspirations as the American participants
E found themselves from working in the mines

Answer: D

In the 1848 elections, the new party that emerged as a political force was the

In the 1848 elections, the new party that emerged as a political force was the 

A. Liberty Party
B. Know-Nothing Party
C. Free-Soil Party
D. Republican Party
E. Whig Party

Answer: C

The Wilmot Proviso

The Wilmot Proviso

A. banned all slavery west of the Mississippi River
B. passed in the House and was signed into law
C. overturned the Missouri Compromise
D. was an appropriation to pay for peace with Mexico
E. prohibited slavery in any land acquired from Mexico

Answer: E

When President Polk received the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, he

When President Polk received the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, he 

A. readily accepted the treaty
B. faced criticism for failing to acquire all of Mexico
C. angrily claimed that Trist had violated his instructions
D. made plans for a military occupation of Mexico City
E. became concerned about the expansion of slavery into the new territories

Answer: C

The key to victory for the United States in the Mexican War was

The key to victory for the United States in the Mexican War was

A. Zachary Taylor's taking of Monterrey
B. the Bear Flag revolution in California
C. Stephen Kearny's capture of Santa Fe
D. Winfield Scott's seizure of Mexico City
E. Nicholas Trist's diplomatic maneuvering

Answer: D

The Mexican War resulted from

The Mexican War resulted from

A. the United States provoking Mexico to fight
B. Mexico provoking the United States to fight
C. Texas citizens attacking Mexican forces
D. Mexican forces attacking AMericans in California
E. Texas citizens staging an attack by Mexican forces

Answer: A

As president, James K. Polk

As president, James K. Polk

A. sought war with Britain to resolve the Oregon dispute
B. won Congressional approval for the annexation of Texas
C. convinced the British government to divide Oregon at the 54 40' parallel
D. All these answers are correct
E. None of the above

Answer: E

The presidential election of 1844

The presidential election of 1844

A. was a contest between Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren
B. was a contest between two solidly pro-expansionists
C. was won by a Democrat
D. saw a Northerner win the presidency
E. was primarily a referendum on the leadership of John Tyler

Answer: C

Which of the following towns served as a major departure point for migrants traveling west on the overland trails?

Which of the following towns served as a major departure point for migrants traveling west on the overland trails?

A. Independence, Missouri
B. Cedar Rapids, Iowa
C. Ames, Iowa
D. St. Louis, Missouri
E. Kansas City, Missouri

Answer: A

In the mid-1840s, the Oregon country in the Pacific Northwest

In the mid-1840s, the Oregon country in the Pacific Northwest

A. remained the center of the French fur-trading empire
B. was primarily occupied by Great Britain
C. contained many more English settlers than Americans
D. was of little interest to the American government
E. included an Indian population that had been devastated by disease

Answer: E

In 1836, the Battle of San Jacinto

In 1836, the Battle of San Jacinto

A. was a victory for General Santa Anna
B. saw British troops fight alongside Mexican troops
C. resulted in victory for forces led by Stephen Austin
D. led to independence for Texas
E. saw Sam Houston briefly taken prisoner

Answer: D

In the 1820s and 1830s, the government of Mexico

In the 1820s and 1830s, the government of Mexico

A. consistently opposed American immigration into Texas
B. consistently favored American immigration into Texas
C. remained noncommittal about American immigration into Texas
D. moved from opposing to favoring American immigration into Texas
E. moved from favoring to opposing American immigration into Texas

Answer: E

By 1830, Texas

By 1830, Texas

A. was an independent republic
B. saw the United States unsuccessfully attempt to purchase it
C. barred slavery within its borders
D. had a population with more people from Mexico than from the U.S.
E. still had no legal American settlements in its borders

Answer: B